Do muslims consider jews/judaism to associate a partner with Allah?

The question of whether Muslims consider Jews or Judaism to associate partners with Allah is complex and nuanced, reflecting theological perspectives within Islam. The Qur'an explicitly addresses the concept of associating partners with Allah, known as "shirk," which is considered the gravest sin.

In Surah An-Nisaa, it is stated: Lo! Allah forgiveth not that a partner should be ascribed unto Him. He forgiveth (all) save that to whom He will. Whoso ascribeth partners to Allah, he hath indeed invented a tremendous sin. 4:48. This verse emphasizes the seriousness of associating partners with Allah and affirms the Islamic belief in strict monotheism.

The interpretation of Jews and their beliefs varies. Some classical scholars, such as those referenced in Sunni and Shia tafsir, express that Judaism, like Islam, upholds the oneness of God (Tawhid) and does not inherently involve the concept of shirk as understood in the Islamic context. For example, Ibn Kathir explains that the Jewish faith emphasizes the oneness of God, similar to Islamic teachings. However, the perception of shirk could arise from specific beliefs or practices that some Muslims might view as not aligning with Islamic monotheism.

Additionally, there are hadiths that clarify the position of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ regarding the People of the Book, which includes Jews and Christians. He acknowledged their belief in one God and provided guidelines on social interactions and marriages with them. For instance, the Prophet ﷺ said: Make a pact with me that you will not associate anything with Allah, nor commit adultery, theft, or kill any soul that Allah has forbidden except by right... Sahih Muslim 29:64SunniSAHIH. This indicates a recognition of their monotheistic beliefs.

In summary, while the Islamic teaching condemns shirk, the evaluation of Jews and Judaism concerning this concept is more about specific beliefs rather than a blanket statement about the entire faith. The relationship between Muslims and Jews is viewed through a lens of shared monotheism, with differences acknowledged in terms of specific theological interpretations.