How many times should a woman suckle her adopted child to become mahram?
In Islamic jurisprudence, the number of times a woman should suckle her adopted child to establish a mahram relationship is specified in the hadith literature. The Qur'an states: Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling.
2:233 This verse emphasizes the importance of suckling during the early years of a child's life.
Regarding the specific number of sucklings required, it is narrated that the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ clarified that the first or second suckling or the first or second drinking of the breast does not make unlawful (in marriage).
Sahih Muslim 17:26 Thus, a few initial sucklings do not create a prohibitive relationship.
However, there is a consensus based on other narrations that establishes five sucklings as the threshold for creating a mahram relationship. As Aisha reported, Aisha said that in the Qur'an, ten known sucklings were revealed, then they were abrogated and reduced to five known sucklings. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) passed away, the ruling remained at five.
Sunan al-Tirmidhi 12:5 This hadith illustrates that while the original ruling allowed for ten sucklings, it was later reduced to five, which is the prevailing view among scholars, including those from the schools of thought like al-Shafi'i and Ahmad.
Therefore, the established ruling is that a woman should suckle her adopted child five times for the child to become her mahram.
Sources
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2:233 · Al-Baqara
2:233 · Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall
۞ وَٱلْوَٰلِدَٰتُ يُرْضِعْنَ أَوْلَٰدَهُنَّ حَوْلَيْنِ كَامِلَيْنِ ۖ لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَن يُتِمَّ ٱلرَّضَاعَةَ ۚ وَعَلَى ٱلْمَوْلُودِ لَهُۥ رِزْقُهُنَّ وَكِسْوَتُهُنَّ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ لَا تُكَلَّفُ نَفْسٌ إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا ۚ لَا تُضَآرَّ وَٰلِدَةٌۢ بِوَلَدِهَا وَلَا مَوْلُودٌۭ لَّهُۥ بِوَلَدِهِۦ ۚ وَعَلَى ٱلْوَارِثِ مِثْلُ ذَٰلِكَ ۗ فَإِنْ أَرَادَا فِصَالًا عَن تَرَاضٍۢ مِّنْهُمَا وَتَشَاوُرٍۢ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا ۗ وَإِنْ أَرَدتُّمْ أَن تَسْتَرْضِعُوٓا۟ أَوْلَٰدَكُمْ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا سَلَّمْتُم مَّآ ءَاتَيْتُم بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ ۗ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَٱعْلَمُوٓا۟ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌۭ
Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.
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Sahih Muslim 17:26
Sahih Muslim · Book 17, Hadith 26 · Narrated by Umm al-Fadl
It was narrated from Umm al-Fadl that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: 'The first or second suckling or the first or second drinking of the breast does not make unlawful (in marriage).'
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Sunan al-Tirmidhi 12:5
Sunan al-Tirmidhi · Book 12, Hadith 5 · Narrated by Aisha
Aisha said that in the Qur'an, ten known sucklings were revealed, then they were abrogated and reduced to five known sucklings. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) passed away, the ruling remained at five. This was the ruling Aisha gave fatwa upon, as did some of the wives of the Prophet and scholars such as al-Shafi'i and Ishaq. Ahmad held that the Prophet’s hadith limiting sucklings to five remains authoritative and that it is best to adhere to it. Some early scholars prohibited both few and many sucklings if they extended into the stomach, and this was a view held by Sufyan al-Thawri, Malik ibn Anas, Al-Awza'i, and others.
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