What is difference of "Jews" and "Bani Israeel" in Quran?

In the Qur'an, the terms "Jews" and "Bani Israeel" are used in distinct contexts that highlight different aspects of the community descended from Jacob (Yaqub).

"Bani Israeel" literally means "the Children of Israel" and refers to the descendants of Jacob. This term is often used to denote the entire community that includes various tribes and their collective experiences. For instance, the Qur'an states: And We verily did allot unto the Children of Israel a fixed abode, and did provide them with good things; and they differed not until the knowledge came unto them. 10:93. This verse emphasizes the blessings and guidance given to the Children of Israel, as well as their subsequent divergence due to the knowledge they received.

On the other hand, the term "Jews" specifically refers to the followers of Judaism, particularly those who adhere to the religious practices and beliefs that developed later. The Qur'an critiques the Jews in several instances for their actions and beliefs, particularly regarding their treatment of prophets and their deviations from the teachings of God. For example, in Surah Al-Baqara, it states, Or say ye that Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes were Jews or Christians? 2:140. Here, it challenges the notion that these patriarchs were defined by later religious identities, emphasizing that such classifications are a matter of human interpretation rather than divine decree.

Tafsir Ibn Kathir explains that the Qur'an addresses the Children of Israel to highlight their unique covenant with God, their history, and the lessons drawn from their experiences. It reflects on their moral and ethical failures while acknowledging their place as the recipients of divine guidance. In contrast, the term "Jews" becomes a point of critique, focusing on their religious practices and beliefs at a particular time.

Al-Mizan notes that the term "Israel" is used for the nation as a whole rather than just Jacob himself, suggesting a collective identity that transcends individual actions or beliefs. This indicates that while all Jews are part of Bani Israeel, not all references to Bani Israeel are solely about their Jewish identity; it encompasses a broader historical and spiritual narrative that includes their trials, tribulations, and the lessons intended for future generations.

In summary, "Bani Israeel" refers to the collective descendants of Jacob and their broader experiences as a community, while "Jews" pertains to a specific religious identity that emerged later. The Qur'an uses these terms to convey different messages about faith, history, and human behavior.