What is the difference between a Prophet and an Imam according to Shi'ite theology?

In Shi'ite theology, the distinction between a Prophet (Nabi) and an Imam is significant and is elaborated upon in various hadiths as well as tafsir literature. According to the teachings reported by Imam al-Rida, a prominent figure in Shi'ite thought, the key differences are based on their roles and the nature of their revelations.

A Prophet is defined as one who receives divine revelation directly from Allah, often through the angel Jibril (Gabriel). Prophets can see the angel and hear his voice, receiving guidance that they are then tasked with conveying to their people. This is highlighted in a narration that states: The difference between the messengers, the prophets and the Imam is that a messenger is one to whom Jibril (Gabriel) comes. He sees Jibril and hears his speech... Al-Kafi 3:435.

On the other hand, an Imam possesses a unique status as a divinely appointed leader who guides the community after the Prophet's message has been delivered. The Imam hears divine guidance but does not see the angel. This distinction emphasizes that while an Imam is knowledgeable and has a significant spiritual authority, he does not receive new revelations in the same way a Prophet does. The Imam's role is more about interpretation and implementation of the established teachings brought by the Prophet. The Imam himself stated, He hears the voice but does not see and observe the angel Al-Kafi 3:434.

In conclusion, while both the Prophet and the Imam hold important positions within Shi'ite belief, the Prophet is the recipient of divine revelations and guidance directly, whereas the Imam serves as the guiding authority and interpreter of that revelation for the community.