What is the real meaning and connotation of 'Jihad?'
The term 'Jihad' in Islamic context carries a profound and varied meaning, primarily referring to the struggle or effort exerted in the path of Allah. It encompasses both the external struggle against oppression and injustice as well as the internal struggle to improve oneself and resist sin.
The Qur'an emphasizes the importance of jihad in several verses, one of which is: Warfare is ordained for you, though it is hateful unto you; but it may happen that ye hate a thing which is good for you, and it may happen that ye love a thing which is bad for you. Allah knoweth, ye know not.
2:216. This verse indicates that while the act of fighting may be difficult and undesirable, it may be necessary for a greater good, highlighting the complexity and multifaceted nature of jihad.
Ibn Kathir explains that this verse is a command from Allah to Muslims to undertake jihad to repel harm and hostility from their enemies. He notes that jihad is obligatory upon every Muslim, whether they actively fight or support the cause in other ways. He also mentions an important hadith by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ: "Whoever dies without having participated in battle or nurtured the desire for it, dies a death of ignorance (in a state of jahiliyyah)" (Tafsir Ibn Kathir). This illustrates the significance of jihad in Islamic teachings, reinforcing that it is not merely about physical combat but also about the intention and commitment to strive in Allah's way.
Moreover, the Prophet ﷺ emphasized that the greatest form of jihad is often not physical combat, but rather speaking truthfully against injustice. In a narration, A man asked the Prophet, while his foot was resting on the stirrup (ready for battle), 'Which jihad is best?' He replied: Speaking a word of truth in front of a tyrannical ruler.
Sunan an-Nasa'i 39:61. This highlights that jihad can manifest in various forms, including advocating for justice and truth in society.
In Shia understanding, as noted in Al-Kafi, jihad is regarded as the best of actions after obligatory duties. It is seen as a means to uphold justice and protect the community, reflecting the deeper spiritual and ethical dimensions of the struggle.
Thus, 'Jihad' is a comprehensive term that encapsulates a range of struggles, both external and internal, aimed at achieving personal growth, societal justice, and the fulfillment of divine commandments.
Sources
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2:216 · Al-Baqara
2:216 · Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall
كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱلْقِتَالُ وَهُوَ كُرْهٌۭ لَّكُمْ ۖ وَعَسَىٰٓ أَن تَكْرَهُوا۟ شَيْـًۭٔا وَهُوَ خَيْرٌۭ لَّكُمْ ۖ وَعَسَىٰٓ أَن تُحِبُّوا۟ شَيْـًۭٔا وَهُوَ شَرٌّۭ لَّكُمْ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ وَأَنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ
Warfare is ordained for you, though it is hateful unto you; but it may happen that ye hate a thing which is good for you, and it may happen that ye love a thing which is bad for you. Allah knoweth, ye know not.
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Tafsir Ibn Kathir on 2:216
Tafsir Ibn Kathir · 2:216
This verse is a command from Allah to the Muslims to undertake jihad in order to repel the harm and hostility of their enemies from the domain of Islam. Al-Zuhri reported that jihad is obligatory upon every Muslim, whether they actively fight or remain behind; the one who stays behind must still assist if called upon, help if sought for aid, and respond if summoned to battle. If no call is made, they may remain at home. Supporting this, there is an authentic hadith stating: “Whoever dies without having participated in battle or nurtured the desire for it, dies a death of ignorance (in a state of jahiliyyah).” Furthermore, the Prophet, peace be upon him, said on the day of the conquest: “There is no migration now, but jihad and sincere intention. When you are summoned, then respond.” Regarding the phrase “And it is hateful to you,” this means fighting is harsh and difficult for you, which is true, because it entails the possibility of being killed or wounded, along with the hardship of travel and struggling against the enemy. Then the verse states: “And it may be that you dislike a thing which is good for you.” This means that the difficulties of fighting may lead to victory over enemies, gaining their lands, wealth, offspring, and children. Thus, what may seem undesirable is actually beneficial. The verse continues: “And it may be that you love a thing which is bad for you.” This is a general principle applicable to all matters: a person might desire something that brings no good or benefit. For instance, refusing to fight may result in the enemy’s dominance over lands and governance. Finally, Allah says: “And Allah knows, while you do not know.” Meaning, Allah is more aware of the ultimate consequences and what is truly beneficial for you in this life and the Hereafter. Therefore, obey His command and submit to His rule so that you may be rightly guided.
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Sunan an-Nasa'i 39:61
Sunan an-Nasa'i · Book 39, Hadith 61 · Narrated by Tariq ibn Shihab
A man asked the Prophet, while his foot was resting on the stirrup (ready for battle), 'Which jihad is best?' He replied: Speaking a word of truth in front of a tyrannical ruler.
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