Why are Muslims allowed to marry up to four women?

The allowance for Muslim men to marry up to four women is addressed in the Qur'an, specifically in Surah An-Nisaa. The verse states: And if you fear that you will not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, or what your right hands possess. 4:3. This permission is conditioned on the ability to treat all wives justly, highlighting the importance of fairness in polygamous relationships.

Tafsir Ibn Kathir explains that this ruling was established in a context where men could marry multiple women to ensure the welfare of women, especially in situations where there were more women than men. It emphasizes that if a man fears he cannot maintain justice among his wives, he should limit himself to one wife. This reflects the ethical concern for justice and the social context of the time, where polygamy could provide support and protection for women.

Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an discusses that one reason for allowing a man to marry multiple women is to ensure lineage and familial structures are clear, as children born to a woman will be affiliated with their father. Furthermore, it highlights that men are encouraged to marry according to their means and ability to provide fairly for their wives.

Hadith literature also provides context for this ruling. For instance, 'Aisha explained, If you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry (other) women of your choice, two or three or four. Sahih al-Bukhari 62:2. This indicates that the command was partly to protect the rights of orphan girls under guardianship, ensuring they receive just treatment.

In summary, the permission for a Muslim man to marry up to four women is based on principles of justice, social responsibility, and the protection of women's rights, as articulated in both the Qur'an and the Hadith.