Why didn't Shariah law take a lead role in abolishing slavery compared to non-Islamic political systems?

The question of why Sharia law did not take a leading role in abolishing slavery, especially compared to non-Islamic political systems, is complex and requires an examination of both the foundational texts of Islam and historical contexts.

In the Qur'an, there are verses that address the treatment of slaves and the encouragement of emancipation. For instance, Surah An-Noor states, And let those who cannot find a match keep chaste till Allah give them independence by His grace. And such of your slaves as seek a writing (of emancipation), write it for them if ye are aware of aught of good in them 24:33. This verse emphasizes the importance of freeing slaves and allows them to seek emancipation through a written contract.

Moreover, it is noted in Islamic teachings that freeing a slave is considered a virtuous act. Surah Al-Balad mentions that one of the noble deeds is to free a slave 90:13, highlighting that slavery was recognized but also that emancipation was encouraged as a moral obligation.

However, historical and societal factors played significant roles in the continuation of slavery under Islamic governance. Slavery was a widespread practice across many cultures and civilizations, not just in the Islamic world. The socio-economic structures of the time often relied on slavery for labor, and it was deeply embedded in the fabric of societies. As a result, while Islamic texts provided guidelines for the humane treatment of slaves and encouraged their emancipation, the practical application of these principles varied widely.

In terms of Sharia law, it provided a framework that included both the rights of slaves and the responsibilities of masters but did not explicitly abolish slavery as an institution. Various scholars and interpretations of Sharia did advocate for gradual emancipation and better treatment of slaves, but the complete abolition of slavery was not a primary objective.

In contrast, some non-Islamic political systems, particularly during the Enlightenment and through subsequent human rights movements, took a more definitive stance against slavery, leading to its abolition in many Western countries. This was often driven by moral, philosophical, and economic arguments that positioned slavery as incompatible with modern views of human rights.

In summary, while Sharia law contains principles that support the humane treatment of slaves and encourage their emancipation, the historical context, societal norms, and economic dependencies played significant roles in the persistence of slavery. The path to abolition was taken more decisively by some non-Islamic political systems in the modern era, driven by a different set of moral and philosophical frameworks.