Why does Shi'a Islam differ so much regarding Abu Bakr, Omar and Othman, compared to Sunni teachings?

The differences between Shia and Sunni Islam regarding figures like Abu Bakr, Omar, and Othman stem from historical events and theological beliefs that have shaped their respective narratives. One of the core issues is the belief in rightful leadership after the Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ death.

Shia Muslims believe that leadership should have remained within the family of the Prophet ﷺ, specifically through Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law. This belief is rooted in the events surrounding the Prophet's death, where the Shia view the allegiance to Abu Bakr as a deviation from the Prophet's explicit designation of Ali as his successor. In contrast, Sunni Muslims view Abu Bakr as the rightful first caliph, chosen by consensus among the Prophet's companions.

The Quran touches upon the theme of unity and the differences that arose among people due to rivalry and hatred. In Surah Al-Baqara, it states: Mankind were one community, and Allah sent (unto them) prophets as bearers of good tidings and as warners, and revealed therewith the Scripture with the truth that it might judge between mankind concerning that wherein they differed. And only those unto whom (the Scripture) was given differed concerning it, after clear proofs had come unto them, through hatred one of another. And Allah by His Will guided those who believe unto the truth of that concerning which they differed. Allah guideth whom He will unto a straight path. 2:213 This verse highlights the notion of differing among communities despite receiving clear guidance, which is a central theme in the Shia narrative regarding the early Islamic leadership.

Furthermore, Shia scholars emphasize that after the Prophet's death, key figures like Abu Bakr and Omar did not uphold the Quranic principles of leadership and guidance as established by the Prophet. For instance, Majma al-Bayan notes that obedience should only be given to those who are infallible and aligned with divine guidance, which they argue does not apply to the early caliphs in the same way it does to the Imams from the Prophet's family (Majma al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an).

In summary, the differences regarding Abu Bakr, Omar, and Othman between Shia and Sunni Islam are deeply rooted in their interpretations of leadership, authority, and the events following the Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ death, influenced by both theological beliefs and historical contexts.